Out of this, $2.28 billion were allocated for economic assistance in the form of grants or loan that carried the interest rate of 2–3 per cent. The world experienced a bumpy ride in the final years of the Cold War, with post-Vietnam détente, the Star Wars rhetoric of the US, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the collapse of communism. It’s during this period the Red Terror (executions of the Czar’s officials), prisoner-of-war labor camps and other police state tactics are established. [51] Haqqani and his network played an important role in the formation and growth of al Qaeda, with Jalalhuddin Haqqani allowing bin Laden to train mujahideen volunteers in Haqqani territory and build extensive infrastructure there. "[24] Gates recounted: "No one in the Carter Administration wanted the Soviets to invade Afghanistan and no one, as I can recall at least, ever advocated attempting to induce them to invade ... Only after the Soviet invasion did some advocate making the Soviets 'bleed' in their own Vietnam. 1 Since its start a century ago, Communism, a political and economic ideology that calls for a classless, government-controlled society in which everything is shared equally, has seen a series of surges—and declines. Legends claim that the earliest rulers in China were the Xia Dynasty, from 2100 to 1600 B.C., with Yu as the first emperor, but there is little proof ...read more, Populism is a style of politics used to mobilize mass movements against ruling powers. Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's ties with the U.S. had been strained during Jimmy Carter's presidency due to Pakistan's nuclear program and the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in April 1979, but Carter told National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance as early as January 1979 that it was vital to "repair our relationships with Pakistan" in light of the unrest in Iran. [15] Additional meetings were held on 6 April and 3 July, and on the same day as the second meeting, Carter signed a "presidential 'finding'" that "authorized the CIA to spend just over $500,000" on non-lethal aid to the mujahideen, which "seemed at the time a small beginning. American President Jimmy Carter was surprised by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, as the consensus of the U.S. intelligence community during 1978 and 1979—reiterated as late as September 29, 1979—was that “Moscow would not intervene in force even if it appeared likely that the Khalq government was about to collapse.” [60][61] However, others favored the relative moderates like Ahmed Shah Massoud. The world experienced a bumpy ride in the final years of the Cold War, with post-Vietnam détente, the Star Wars rhetoric of the US, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the collapse of communism. Karachi soon “became one of the most violent cities in the world.” Pakistan also controlled which rebels received assistance. [2] Funding officially began with $695,000 in mid-1979,[3][4] was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,[1][5][6] described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency". The Stingers were so renowned and deadly that in the 1990s, the United States conducted a “buy-back” program to keep unused missiles from falling into the hands of anti-American terrorists, an effort which was covertly renewed in the early 2000s. Representatives from Soviet republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) had already announced that ...read more, From early Mongol invasions to tsarist regimes to ages of enlightenment and industrialization to revolutions and wars, Russia is known not just for its political rises of world power and upheaval, but for its cultural contributions (think ballet, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky, caviar and ...read more, It’s hard to say how old Chinese culture actually is, but it’s one of the oldest that still has a presence in the modern world. [45] Hekmatyar was invited to meet with President Reagan but refused, and was replaced at the White House's October 1985 conference with mujahideen by Younis Khalis, who publicly invited Reagan to convert to Islam. Populists claim to speak for ordinary people, taking an "us versus them" stance. With Japan’s defeat, Korea becomes divided into the communist North (which the Soviets occupied) and the South (which had been occupied by the United States). Response to Afghan-Soviet War. [citation needed], The mujahideen benefited from expanded foreign military support from the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, United Kingdom and other Muslim nations. Pakistan's Foreign Policy: an Overview 1974-2004. Found insideWhy did the USSR linger so long in Afghanistan? "[5][6] Carter himself has stated that encouraging a Soviet invasion was "not my intention. Below is a timeline of notable events that shaped Communism’s arc in history. The rest of the allocation ($1.74 billion) was in the form of credit for military purchases. At a 30 March meeting, U.S. Department of Defense representative Walter B. Slocombe "asked if there was value in keeping the Afghan insurgency going, 'sucking the Soviets into a Vietnamese quagmire? Military sales and training programs were abandoned as well and some of the Pakistani military officers under training in the U.S. were asked to return home. Communism soon ends in Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Congo, Kenya, Yugoslavia and … Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken. The CIA and State Department have been criticized for their direct relationship with Hekmatyar, beyond ISI contact,[44][45] in spite of his being one of the leading heroin smugglers in the region. A number of political commentators have described Al-Qaeda attacks as "blowback" or an unintended consequence of American aid to the mujahideen.[72]. Afghanistan, 1979-1992: America’s Jihad. “History of Communism,” Stanford University “Communism: Karl Marx to Joseph Stalin,” Center for European Studies, University of North Carolina“From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia’s Chaotic Year of Revolution,” National Geographic“The Truman Doctrine, 1947,” U.S. Department of State“The Chinese Revolution of 1949,” U.S. Department of State“The Korean War: Timeline," CBS News“Tiananmen Square Fast Facts," CNN“United States Invades Grenada,” Politco, https://www.history.com/topics/russia/communism-timeline. 8 Robert Gates recently has argued that President Carter was not so naive about Soviet intentions. • December 25, 1991: With the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union is dissolved. In Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism, Anthony Arnold brings these dramatic developments to life, examining Parcham and Khalq in the context of the cultural, ethnic, and class factors that distinguish their leaders and separate ... American President Jimmy Carter was surprised by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, as the consensus of the U.S. intelligence community during 1978 and 1979âreiterated as late as September 29, 1979âwas that “Moscow would not intervene in force even if it appeared likely that the Khalq government was about to collapse.” Indeed, Carter’s diary entries from November 1979 until the Soviet invasion in late December contain only two short references to Afghanistan, and are instead preoccupied with the ongoing hostage crisis in Iran. The Stingers were so renowned and deadly that in the 1990s, the United States conducted a “buy-back” program to keep unused missiles from falling into the hands of anti-American terrorists. [5], According to former CIA official Robert Gates, "the Carter administration turned to CIA ... to counter Soviet and Cuban aggression in the Third World, particularly beginning in mid-1979." Delivery of thousands of tons of weaponry worth several billion US dollars. '"[4] When asked to clarify this remark, Slocombe explained: "Well, the whole idea was that if the Soviets decided to strike at this tar baby [Afghanistan] we had every interest in making sure that they got stuck. [67] Some assert that it directly, and even deliberately, provoked the Soviets to send in troops. The U.S.-built Stinger antiaircraft missile, supplied to the mujahideen in very large numbers beginning in 1986, struck a decisive blow to the Soviets. This is refuted by experts such as Steve Collâwho notes that declassified CIA records and interviews with CIA officers do not support such claimsâand Peter Bergen, who concludes: “The theory that bin Laden was created by the CIA is invariably advanced as an axiom with no supporting evidence.” U.S. funding went to the Afghan mujahideen, not the Arab volunteers who arrived to assist them. His followers first gained attention by throwing acid in the faces of women who refused to wear the veil. Reagan and the Mujahideen: President Reagan meeting with Afghan mujahideen leaders in the Oval Office in 1983, “1920px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg.”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/. First published in 1985, this is a book written at the height of the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s. • October 1, 1949: Following a civil war, China’s Communist Party leader, Mao Zedong declares his creation of the People’s Republic of China, leading the United States to end diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades. They helped create Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Cambodia was a communist country from 1975–1979. In Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism, Anthony Arnold brings these dramatic developments to life, examining Parcham and Khalq in the context of the cultural, ethnic, and class factors that distinguish their leaders and separate ... The war would last until July 27, 1953, with North Korea, China and the United Nations signing an armistice agreement. "[78] Some of the CIA's greatest Afghan beneficiaries were Arabist commanders such as Haqqani and Hekmatyar who were key allies of bin Laden over many years. The decision to route U.S. aid through Pakistan led to massive fraud, as weapons sent to Karachi were frequently sold on the local market rather than delivered to the Afghan rebels; Karachi soon "became one of the most violent cities in the world." [5], In the West, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was considered a threat to global security and the oil supplies of the Persian Gulf. [28][29][30][31], The thrust of U.S. policy for the duration of the war was determined by Carter in early 1980: Carter initiated a program to arm the mujahideen through Pakistan's ISI and secured a pledge from Saudi Arabia to match U.S. funding for this purpose. For example, U.S. intelligence closely followed Soviet exercises for an invasion of Iran throughout 1980, while an earlier warning from Brzezinski that "if the Soviets came to dominate Afghanistan, they could promote a separate Baluchistan ... [thus] dismembering Pakistan and Iran" took on new urgency. Reagan’s program assisted in ending the Soviet’s occupation in Afghanistan. This program may have been covertly renewed following the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan in late 2001 out of fear that remaining Stingers could be used against U.S. forces in the country. Response to Afghan-Soviet War. The author of this volume was present during the final decade of the Soviet empire, first for Reuters, then for the "Washington Post". [57] Soviet forces suffered over 14,000 killed and missing, and over 50,000 wounded. [58] In total, the combined U.S., Saudi, and Chinese aid to the mujahideen is valued at between $6–12 billion. [50] CIA agents are also known to have given direct cash payments to Jalaluddin Haqqani. Casey wanted to ship subversive propaganda through Afghanistan to the Soviet Union's predominantly Muslim southern republics. [4][5] Carter also called for a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, which raised a bitter controversy. [37] They encouraged the volunteers from the Arab states to join the Afghan resistance in its struggle against the Soviet troops based in Afghanistan. Three of the first four Stingers fired each took down a gunship. The United States supported the Afghanistan rebels in order to try and overthrow the communist government and to prevent the spread of communism. It was the ideology behind one side of the Cold War and saw a symbolic decline with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Funding began with $20â$30 million per year in 1980 and rose to $630 million per year in 1987. China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam remain under communist rule. Indeed, Carter's diary entries from November 1979 until the Soviet invasion in late December contain only two short references to Afghanistan, and are instead preoccupied with the ongoing hostage crisis in Iran. 8 Robert Gates recently has argued that President Carter was not so naive about Soviet intentions. Set in the rugged terrain of Afghanistan, three men from different backgrounds come together for their own individual purposes: to gain fortune, honor and freedom In 1979, the communist government of Afghanistan asked the Soviet Union for ... Pakistan also controlled which rebels received assistance: Of the seven mujahideen groups supported by Zia's government, four espoused Islamic fundamentalist beliefs—and these fundamentalists received most of the funding. Their strategy was to provide a broad mix of weapons, tactics, and logistics, along with training programs, to enhance the rebels' ability to fight a guerilla war against the Soviets. [34], The distribution of the weaponry relied heavily on the Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who had a personal relationship with Congressman Wilson. Found insideHumanitarian Invasion provides a history of international development and humanitarianism in Cold War Afghanistan. [1], Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken. [10] The new regime—which was divided between Taraki's extremist Khalq faction and the more moderate Parcham—signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in December of that year. Found inside – Page 3Informed by the author’s decades-long firsthand knowledge of Afghanistan, and superbly shaped by his hallmark gifts as a narrative historian and his singular eye for the evocation of place and culture, The Return of a King is both the ... In a televised speech, he announced sanctions on the Soviet Union, promised renewed aid to Pakistan, and committed the U.S. to the Persian Gulf's defense. The bloody violence ends in hundreds to thousands of deaths (no official death toll was ever released). © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Found insideThis is a collective volume on Soviet-American relations with the three rimland states of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. [70], In the late 1980s, Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto, concerned about the growing strength of the Islamist movement, told President George H. W. Bush, "You are creating a Frankenstein. Found insideThe story of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan is well known: the expansionist Communists overwhelmed a poor country as a means of reaching a warm-water port on the Persian Gulf. "Thus, a mujahid is someone who struggles or someone who fights. • January 1, 1959: Fidel Castro overthrows the corrupt Fulgencio Batista regime, and Cuba becomes a Communist state. Dates: December 24, 1979 - February 15, 1989 Leaders: • July 1, 1921: Inspired by the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party of China is formed. The thrust of U.S. policy for the duration of the war was determined by Carter in early 1980 when he initiated a program to arm the mujahideen through Pakistan’s ISI and secured a pledge from Saudi Arabia to match U.S. funding for this purpose. 7Charles G. Cogan, "Partners in Time: The CIA and Afghanistan Since 1979," World Policy Jour-nal 10 (Summer 1993): 76. Print. Part 2. Kalinovsky, Artemy. [38] Of the weapons given covertly - most were old British army Lee Enfields, some of which were purchased from Indian Army stocks, which proved popular amongst the Afghan resistance groups. [citation needed], In October 1990, U.S. President George H. W. Bush refused to certify that Pakistan did not possess a nuclear explosive device, triggering the imposition of sanctions against Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment (1985) to the Foreign Assistance Act (1961). Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Found inside – Page 1Offering fresh insights into the ISI as a domestic and international actor based on intimate knowledge of its inner workings and key individuals, this startlingly original book uncovers the hitherto shady world of Pakistan's secret service. The flag was also the flag of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan's Khalq faction under President Nur Muhammad Taraki until his murder in September 1979. The chaos currently unfolding in Afghanistan can be traced directly back to Carter and his Democratic administration. The U.S. also sold 40 F-16 aircraft to Pakistan during 1983–87 at a cost of $1.2 billion outside the assistance package. 1980–1987 1:2 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan After the overthrow of the Khalq faction by the Parcham faction (led by Benjarat Lipnt), the flag was changed again. An array of essays explores how religion affected the ideological and military clashes around the globe during the 20th century's Cold War. Simultaneous. Book available. CIA and State Department officials I have spoken with call him “scary,” “vicious,” “a fascist,” “definite dictatorship material”. Both aim to fix the problems they see as created by a ...read more, Communism as an ideology arose in the wake of the first Industrial Revolution when overworked, underpaid workers felt exploited and sought better representation in government. "First published in Great Britain in 2011 by Profile Books"--T.p. verso. Center for European Studies, University of North Carolina. "[75] Bergen insists that U.S. funding went to the Afghan mujahideen, not the Arab volunteers who arrived to assist them. • June 4, 1989: After weeks of protests, the Communist Chinese government sends in its military to fire on demonstrators calling for democracy in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square. The word "mujahideen" comes from the same Arabic root as jihad, which means "struggle. They backed the wrong pony. Communism soon ends in Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Congo, Kenya, Yugoslavia and other nations. This page was last edited on 11 September 2021, at 22:07. [82], For the Allied invasion of Noemfoor in 1944, also known as Operation Cyclone, see, 1979–1989 CIA program to fund Islamic jihadists in the Soviet–Afghan War, Allegations of CIA assistance to bin Laden, "Sorry Charlie this is Michael Vickers's War", Washington Post, 27 December 2007, Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Paperback) [10][11][12][13], In the mid-1970s, Pakistani intelligence officials began privately lobbying the U.S. and its allies to send material assistance to the Islamist insurgents. The United States offered two packages of economic assistance and military sales to support Pakistan’s role in the war against the Soviet troops in Afghanistan. Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski-(13/6/97). The United States viewed the conflict in Afghanistan as an integral Cold War struggle, and the CIA provided assistance to anti-Soviet mujahideen rebels through the Pakistani intelligence services in a program called Operation Cyclone. "[14], Carter expressed surprise at the December 1979 invasion. Graham Fuller in interview with Peter Bergen, Bergen, Peter, 1959–2000 assassination attempts on Fidel Castro, 1965–66 Indonesia, Transition to the New Order, committed the U.S. to the Persian Gulf's defense, Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden, Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History, United States involvement in regime change, United States and state-sponsored terrorism, "Summary of Conclusions of a Special Coordination Committee Meeting", "Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan", https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=psilr, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001, "The Strategic Mind of Zbigniew Brzezinski: How A Native Pole Used Afghanistan To Protect His Homeland", David N. Gibbs, "Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Retrospect", "The Afghan war and the 'Grand Chessboard' Pt2". The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan on December 24 1979 under the pretext of upholding the Soviet-Afghan Friendship Treaty. 1980–1987 1:2 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan After the overthrow of the Khalq faction by the Parcham faction (led by Benjarat Lipnt), the flag was changed again. Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the military intervention by the USSR in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. [53], Reagan's program assisted in ending the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan,[54][55] with the Soviets unable to quell the insurgency. "[4][5][6], By December 1979, Amin's government had lost control of much of Afghanistan, prompting the Soviet Union to invade the country, execute Amin, and install Parcham leader Babrak Karmal as president. In March 1979, "CIA sent several covert action options relating to Afghanistan to the SCC [Special Coordination Committee]" of the United States National Security Council. The doctrine becomes the basis for America’s Cold War policy. [35], As late as 1991 Charlie Wilson persuaded the House Intelligence Committee to continue the funding of the Mujahideen, providing them with $200 million for fiscal year 1992. Operation Cyclone was the code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the military intervention by the USSR in support of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's MI6, who conducted separate covert actions. The first six-year assistance package (1981â87) amounted to $3.2 billion, equally divided between economic assistance and military sales. [32][33] After 1985, as the Reagan administration announced that it would support anti-Soviet resistance movements globally (in what is now known as the Reagan Doctrine), there was no longer a need to obfuscate the origin of the weaponry; Pentagon senior official, Michael Pillsbury, successfully advocated providing U.S.-made weaponry, including large numbers of Stinger missiles, to the Afghan resistance. [73], Some have alleged that bin Laden and al Qaeda were beneficiaries of CIA assistance. • April 25, 1976: Following the fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam War, South Vietnam’s capital is seized by communist forces. The USSR had many other communist allies. Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken. Found inside – Page iAltogether this book is essential reading for those interested in the Cold War&’s end, the USSR&’s collapse, and especially the role played by ideas, ambitions, and key personalities in these momentous events. Today just a handful of countries remain under communist rule. Hekmatyar was said to be friendly with Osama bin Laden, founder of al-Qaeda, who was running an operation for assisting "Afghan Arab" volunteers fighting in Afghanistan, called Maktab al-Khadamat. His followers first gained attention by throwing acid in the faces of women who refused to wear the veil. [citation needed] The withdrawal helped precipitate the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself. The support proved vital to the mujahideen’s efforts against the Soviets. Out of this, $2.28 billion was allocated for economic assistance in the form of grants or loan that carried the interest rate of 2â3 percent. They included Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Mongolia, Mozambique, Somalia, South Yemen, and Yugoslavia. Under his regime, detractors were deported or imprisoned in labor camps, and, as part of the Great Purge, 1 million people were executed under Stalin’s orders. Later that month, the leftist Socialist Revolutionaries defeat the Bolsheviks in an election, but, despite his promises of “bread, land and peace,” Lenin uses military force to take power. A critical examination of the Soviet military's role in the 1979-1989 War in Afghanistan presents the Russian view of how the war occurred while chronicling its major battles and operations and offering insight into Soviet tactics and ... [76], However, Sir Martin Ewans noted that the Afghan Arabs "benefited indirectly from the CIA's funding, through the ISI and resistance organizations,"[77] and that "it has been reckoned that as many as 35,000 'Arab-Afghans' may have received military training in Pakistan at an estimated cost of $800 million in the years up to and including 1988. [10], Following a general uprising in April 1979, Taraki was deposed by Khalq rival Hafizullah Amin in September. [60], Levels of support to the various Afghan factions varied. Afghan tribes were also delivered weapons which the United States captured from Iraq during the Gulf War. [9], Under the leadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki communists seized power in Afghanistan on 27 April 1978. The years 1989-90 see the collapse of communist regimes in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Benin, Mozambique, Nicaragua and Yemen. U.S. imperialism’s original sin in Afghanistan began in 1979, not on 9/11 September 10, 2021 3:33 PM CDT By Ed Rampell President Jimmy Carter and … Initially, to avoid detection of U.S. involvement, the program supplied the rebels only with Soviet-made weaponry. • February 21, 1848: German economist and philosopher Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto, calling for a working-class revolt against capitalism. Print. Conspiracy theorists have alleged that Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda were beneficiaries of CIA assistance, a claim which is refuted by many experts. Limpet mines, explosives, radios, intelligence, and around fifty Blowpipe Missile launchers with 300 Missiles were sent to the Afghan resistance. A former Pakistani military official claimed that he personally introduced a CIA official to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar that month (Freedom of Information Act requests for records describing these meetings have been denied). This book examines the lessons we can learn from this intelligence operation for the future and makes some observations on what came next in Afghanistan—and what is likely yet to come. They included Afghanistan, Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Mongolia, Mozambique, Somalia, South Yemen, and Yugoslavia. "[4], In May 1979, U.S. officials secretly began meeting with rebel leaders through Pakistani government contacts. These included two Heritage Foundation foreign policy analysts, Michael Johns and James A. Phillips, both of whom championed Massoud as the Afghan resistance leader most worthy of US support under the Reagan Doctrine. [51], The U.S.-built Stinger antiaircraft missile, supplied to the mujahideen in very large numbers beginning in 1986, struck a decisive blow to the Soviet war effort as it allowed the lightly armed Afghans to effectively defend against Soviet helicopter landings in strategic areas.
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